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| Product Name | Clodronate Liposomes (Macrophage Depletion) |
| Catalog No. | RESK-0264 |
| Description | Clodronate liposomes exploit the endocytic (phagocytic) mechanism of macrophages to deliver membrane-impermeable clodronate into the cells. Under the action of lysosomal phosphatases in macrophages, the clodronate dissolved in the aqueous phase of the liposomes is released and accumulates intracellularly. When it reaches a certain concentration, it induces macrophages to undergo apoptosis, thereby achieving macrophage depletion. Clodronate liposomes are suitable for multiple injection routes, such as intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intranasal injection. The injection volume is related to the body weight of the mouse, the injection schedule, the injection route, and the experimental purpose. In a customer verification case, this macrophage depletion reagent was used to deplete perivascular macrophages in the brain; the results showed that perivascular macrophages in the experimental group decreased to approximately 20% of the control group. |
| Intended Use | In vivo depletion of macrophages in experimental animals (e.g., mice, rats) for macrophage function research; can also be used for in vitro macrophage depletion, although it is more suitable for in vivo experiments. |
| Principle / Technology | Liposomes (multilamellar, anionic) encapsulate the membrane-impermeable bisphosphonate clodronate. After administration, macrophages phagocytose the liposomes; lysosomal phosphatases degrade the liposome phospholipids and release clodronate, which accumulates intracellularly and, upon reaching a threshold concentration, induces macrophage apoptosis, resulting in macrophage depletion. In vivo, free clodronate has a short half-life and is rapidly cleared by the kidneys. |
| Detection Method | Flow cytometry (recommended detection of F4/80 and CD11b) and immunohistochemistry to verify macrophage depletion. |
| Sample Type | Experimental animals (mice, rats); various organs/tissues (e.g., liver, spleen, brain). |
| Performance Range / Specifications | Solution: 10 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM NaH2PO4, 140 mM NaCl Concentration: 5 mg/mL (clodronate) Lipid composition: phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol Liposome particle size: < 10 um Liposome type: multilamellar; anionic |
| Specificity | Selectively depletes phagocytic macrophages. In rats, mature macrophages are ED1 and ED2 double-positive; ED2+ cells can be completely depleted, while ED1+ cells (which include some precursor cells with little or no phagocytic function, ED2-) can only be partially depleted, depending on the precursor/mature macrophage ratio. |
| Reaction Conditions / Protocol | Routes of administration: intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, intranasal injection. Injection volume depends on the animal's body weight, injection schedule, injection route, and experimental purpose. Intravenous injection: the volume must not exceed 0.1 mL/10 g body weight; intraperitoneal injection allows a moderately increased volume; subcutaneous injection volume is determined by the capacity of the injection site. Reference protocol for liver macrophage depletion: tail vein injection; harvest the liver 24 h later for immunohistochemistry (perfusion is not required for IHC; perfusion is required for flow cytometry of liver macrophages). Use the product as the original solution; do not dilute. Mix gently before use (liposomes tend to sediment). Allow the refrigerated (4 °C) liposome suspension to return to room temperature before injection. |
| Components / Formulation | Clodronate encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, suspended in a solution of 10 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM NaH2PO4, and 140 mM NaCl; clodronate concentration 5 mg/mL. |
| Storage Conditions | Store at 4 °C. Do not freeze! Do not heat above 30 °C. |
| Shelf Life | 6 months (at 4 °C). Use within 3 months of receipt for best performance. |
| Package Specifications | 2 mL 5 mL 10 mL |
| Product Form | Liposome suspension (liquid). |
| Quality Control | Each production batch is tested for clodronate concentration and possible contaminants before release. |
| Concentration | 5 mg/mL (clodronate). |
| Source / Origin | Clodronate (a bisphosphonate) encapsulated in liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. |
| Shipping Conditions | Shipped with ice packs; the suspension must not be frozen or heated above 30 °C during transport. |
| Expiration Date / Stability | Shelf life 6 months at 4 °C. Use within 3 months of receipt to avoid compromised performance. Do not freeze; a product that has been frozen during transport cannot be used. |
| Regulatory / Compliance | For research use only. |
| Compatibility | Suitable for intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intranasal injection; can be used in combination with in vitro macrophage polarization/differentiation induced by cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-4, IL-13, IFN-gamma) for integrated in vivo/in vitro macrophage studies. |
| Recommended Buffer System | Supplied in 10 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM NaH2PO4, 140 mM NaCl. Use as the original solution; do not dilute. |
| Application Notes / Precautions | Do not freeze. Do not heat above 30 °C. Use as the original solution; do not dilute. Liposomes sediment easily; mix gently before use. If injecting multiple animals over an extended period, the liposomes may sediment in the syringe, forming a non-uniform suspension and causing significant dose variation between the first and last injected animals. Allow the 4 °C-stored suspension to return to room temperature before injection; injecting cold liposomes may cause rapid animal death. Intravenous injection volume must not exceed 0.1 mL/10 g body weight. Maintain aseptic operation; in vivo macrophage depletion increases susceptibility to infections (e.g., viral particles, bacteria, or yeast), and bacterial contamination during the procedure may cause animal death. For in vitro use, note that clodronate released from dead cells or leaked from liposomes accumulates in the culture medium and can slowly enter cells, whereas in vivo it is rapidly cleared by the kidneys; therefore the product is more suitable for in vivo experiments. |
| Batch-to-Batch Consistency | Clodronate liposomes are produced in large batches; each batch is tested for clodronate concentration and possible contaminants to ensure quality before release. |
For research use only, not for clinical use.
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